Free at Last?
Free at Last?
Black Firefighters and the FDNY in the Twenty-First Century
This chapter chronicles the remergence of the Vulcan Society during the late 1990s and early 2000s and charts how the landmark case, U.S. v. City of New York, came to fruition. In particular, the chapter focuses then Vulcan President Paul Washington and the Vulcan Society’s various allies who after decades, helped bring the issue of racial discrimination in the FDNY before the courts. It closes with a discussion of the scope of victory secured through this case, as well as potential areas of struggle in the future.
Keywords: Paul Washington, Center for Constitutional Rights (CCR), United States v. City of New York, et al, Vulcan Society, Michael Bloomberg and racial discrimination, Race and civil service procedures, Employment discrimination litigation, 9/11, White identity politics, Racism and public employment
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